Furthermore, significantly more 65Cu was released from the sediment into the overlying water in the 65CuO NP exposures compared to the 65CuCl 2 exposures. Worms accumulated 65Cu during sediment exposure to both 65CuCl 2 and 65CuO NPs (0.7 and 1.1 μg 65Cu per g dw tissue, respectively), resulting in 65Cu body burdens significantly different from control. Worms were exposed to sediment spiked with 65CuCl 2 or 65CuO NPs (∼20 nm) at environmentally relevant concentrations for 7 days and subsequently fed to fish for 7 days. Cu enriched in the stable isotope 65Cu was used to increase detection and discriminate newly added/assimilated Cu from background Cu levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate trophic transfer of copper oxide (CuO) NPs and dissolved Cu (CuCl 2) from natural sediment to the sediment-dwelling worm Tubifex tubifex, and then to the predatory fish Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined stickleback). Metal nanoparticles (NPs) released into the aquatic environment will likely accumulate in sediment and be available for sediment-dwelling invertebrates that serve as food for other organisms, such as fish.
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